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Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is a low-cost, sustainable land-restoration technique used to combat poverty and hunger amongst poor subsistence farmers in developing countries by increasing food and timber production, and resilience to climate extremes. It involves the systematic regeneration and management of trees and shrubs from tree stumps, roots and seeds.〔Rinaudo, T 2012, Natural Resources Advisor, World Vision Australia and pioneer of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger in 1983; and Francis, R 2012, Project Manager, Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, World Vision Australia.〕 FMNR is especially applicable, but not restricted to, the dryland tropics. As well as returning degraded croplands and grazing lands to productivity, it can be used to restore degraded forests, thereby reversing biodiversity loss and reducing vulnerability to climate change. FMNR can also play an important role in maintaining not-yet-degraded landscapes in a productive state, especially when combined with other sustainable land management practices such as conservation agriculture on cropland and holistic management on rangelands.〔Rinaudo, T 2012, Natural Resources Advisor, World Vision Australia and pioneer of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger in 1983.〕 FMNR adapts centuries-old methods of woodland management, called coppicing and pollarding, to produce continuous tree-growth for fuel, building materials, food and fodder without the need for frequent and costly replanting. On farmland, selected trees are trimmed and pruned to maximise growth while promoting optimal growing conditions for annual crops (such as access to water and sunlight).〔World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank. 2008, Turning Back the Desert: How Farmers Have Transformed Niger’s Landscapes and Livelihoods, Chapter 3 in World Resources 2008: Roots of Resilience – Growing the Wealth of the Poor, http://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-2008-roots-of-resilience.〕 When FMNR trees are integrated into crops and grazing pastures there is an increase in crop yields, soil fertility and organic matter, soil moisture and leaf fodder. There is also a decrease in wind and heat damage, and soil erosion.〔Rinaudo, T 2012, Natural Resources Advisor, World Vision Australia and pioneer of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger in 1983.〕 In the Sahel region of Africa, FMNR has become a potent tool in increasing food security, resilience and climate change adaptation in poor, subsistence farming communities where much of sub-Saharan Africa’s poverty exists. FMNR is also being promoted in East Timor, Indonesia and Myanmar. FMNR complements the evergreen agriculture,〔Evergreen Agriculture – the incorporation of trees into crop land and pastures. The three types of evergreen agriculture are: Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, the planting of trees in conventional crop fields, and conservation agriculture with trees. Evergreen agriculture is one of several types of agroforestry.〕 conservation agriculture and agroforestry movements. It is considered a good entry point for resource-poor and risk-averse farmers to adopt a low-cost and low-risk technique. This in turn has acted as a stepping stone to greater agricultural intensification as farmers become more receptive to new ideas.〔Garrity, D 2012, UNCCD Drylands Ambassador, Distinguished Board Research Fellow and former Director General of the World Agroforestry Centre, Chairman of Landcare International.〕〔Rinaudo, T 2012, Natural Resources Advisor, World Vision Australia and pioneer of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger in 1983.〕 ==Background== Throughout the developing world, immense tracts of farmland, grazing lands and forests have become degraded to the point they are no longer productive. Deforestation continues at an alarming rate. In Africa’s drier regions, 74 percent of rangelands and 61 percent of rain-fed croplands are damaged by moderate to very severe desertification. In some African countries deforestation rates exceed planting rates by 300:1.〔Grainger, A 1990, The Threatening Desert: Controlling desertification, pp 3, 141, 142, 215, 298, Earthscan, London.〕 Degraded land has an extremely detrimental effect on the lives of subsistence farmers who depend on it for their food and livelihoods. Subsistence farmers often make up to 70-80 percent of the population in these regions and they regularly suffer from hunger, malnutrition and even famine as a consequence.〔Brown, D, Dettmann, P, Rinaudo, T, Tefera, H and Tofu, A 2010, Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Restoration Using the Clean Development Mechanism: A Case Study from Humbo, Ethiopia, Environmental Management (2011) 48:322–333.〕〔Garrity, D, Akinnifesi, F, Ajayi, O, Weldesemayat, S, Mowo, J, Kalinganire, A, Larwanou, M and Bayala, J 2010, Evergreen Agriculture: a robust approach to sustainable food security in Africa, Food Security (2010) 2:197–214.〕〔Rinaudo, T 2007, The Development of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, LEISA Magazine 23.2 June 2007, Ileia Centre for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture, Wageningen, Netherlands.〕 In the Sahel region of Africa, a band of savannah which runs across the continent immediately south of the Sahara Desert, large tracts of once-productive farmland are turning to desert.〔Tougiani, A, Guero, C and Rinaudo, T 2008, Community mobilisation for improved livelihoods through tree crop management in Niger, GeoJournal (2009) 74:377–389.〕 In tropical regions across the world, where rich soils and good rainfall would normally assure bountiful harvests and fat livestock, some environments have become so degraded they are no longer productive. Severe famines across the African Sahel in the 1970s and 80s led to a global response, and stopping desertification became a top priority. Conventional methods of raising exotic and indigenous tree species in nurseries were used – planting out, watering, protecting and weeding. However, despite investing millions of dollars and thousands of hours labour, there was little overall impact.〔Grainger, A 1990, The Threatening Desert: Controlling desertification, p 301, Earthscan, London.〕 Conventional approaches to reforestation in such harsh environments faced insurmountable problems and were costly and labour-intensive. Once planted out, drought, sand storms, pests, competition from weeds and destruction by people and animals negated efforts. Low levels of community ownership were another inhibiting factor.〔Rinaudo, T 2007, The Development of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, LEISA Magazine 23.2 June 2007, Ileia Centre for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture, Wageningen, Netherlands.〕 Existing indigenous vegetation was generally dismissed as ‘useless bush’, and it was often cleared to make way for exotic species. Exotics were planted in fields containing living and sprouting stumps of indigenous vegetation, the presence of which was barely acknowledged, let alone seen as important.〔Rinaudo, T 2012, Natural Resources Advisor, World Vision Australia and pioneer of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger in 1983.〕 This was an enormous oversight. In fact, these living tree stumps are so numerous they constitute a vast ‘underground forest’ just waiting for some care to grow and provide multiple benefits at little or no cost –and each stump can produce between 10 and 30 stems each. During the process of traditional land preparation, farmers saw the stems as weeds and slashed and burnt them before sowing their food crops. The net result was a barren landscape for much of the year with few mature trees remaining. To the casual observer, the land was turning to desert. Most concluded that there were no trees present and that the only way to reverse the problem was through tree planting.〔Rinaudo, T 2007, The Development of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, LEISA Magazine 23.2 June 2007, Ileia Centre for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture, Wageningen, Netherlands.〕 Meanwhile, established indigenous trees continued to disappear at an alarming rate. In Niger, from the 1930s until 1993, forestry laws took tree ownership and responsibility for the care of trees out of the hands of the people; and even though ineffective and uneconomic, reforestation through conventional tree planting seemed to be the only way to address desertification at the time.〔Brough, W and Kimenyi, M 2004, “Desertification” of the Sahel: Exploring the role of property rights, Property and Environment Research Center, Vol 2, No. 2, June 2004, http://perc.org/articles/desertification-sahel.〕〔World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank. 2008, Turning Back the Desert: How Farmers Have Transformed Niger’s Landscapes and Livelihoods, Chapter 3 in World Resources 2008: Roots of Resilience – Growing the Wealth of the Poor, http://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-2008-roots-of-resilience.〕〔Rinaudo, T 2007, The Development of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, LEISA Magazine 23.2 June 2007, Ileia Centre for Learning on Sustainable Agriculture, Wageningen, Netherlands.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Farmer-managed natural regeneration」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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